The Dutch Golden Age was a time where the merchant class rose their standards in economic class thanks to the expansion from only port cities thriving to the country. Europe, primarily in the Northwestern region, developed new uses in production, particularly food. In aid of this breakthrough came improved cultivation practices, larger livestock herds, water drainage, and larger fields. Key commodities were wheat, clover, barley, and turnips which they traded mostly with Asia and the New World Americas. INDUSTRIES
Watch the video titled "Golden Age- Rise of Merchant Class," to understand more about the economy of the Netherlands during the 17th century.
Political Backdrop
While central Europe was experiencing a new era of Enlightenment*, the Netherlands were completing their claim of independence in their territory from the Spanish (under rule of Phillip II). This was titled the Eighty Years' War, which lasted from 1568 to 1648, resulting in the the United Netherlands, or the Dutch Republic. Included in the Eighty Years' War, there was another, smaller dispute beginning in 1618 which incorporated disputes over territory, power, and trade called the Thirty Years' War.
*Enlightenment: According to the test book, the spreading of faith in reason and in universal rights and laws. Includes broader developments of literacy and critical thinking while decreasing religious persecution. Motive was to change worldviews and transform societal and political norms. (PAGE #)
Thirty Year's War: According to the text book, the Thirty Years' War was between Protestant princes and the Catholic Empire for religious predominance in central Europe; a struggle for regional control among Catholic powers; and a bid for independence from Spain by the Dutch, who wanted to trade and worship as they liked. (PAGE #)**
Significant (successful) leaders
Discussion of key political policies or administrative structures
Timeline
Timetoast allows you to create a timeline and then embed it.You have to set up an account. For your timeline you might want to select three or four key political or economic dates and three or four major dates that illustrate cultural, religious or architectural trends. The objective is to give the reader a quick visual snap-shot of the reading.
Social Backdrop
Social hierarchies, gender roles, urban life, rural life, population statistics, conceptions of childhood, citizenship, etc.
Information can also be drawn from your research. You will need to select the aspects you think are most important and omit the ones you think are less relevant. In the past, folks have made charts. (You can make the diagram in Google Drive and embed it if you would like to.)
Education
Europe circulated around the idea of "Dutch learning," which was based off of the teaching of science, geography, and medicine. These forms of education were freely dispersed amongst other empires including Japan, where it became, though limited, apart of their society and their educational system. Translations of Dutch or English were of increasing demand because of their benefits in trading systems amongst the empires. (p. 541)
Artistic Innovation
What makes the Dutch Empire so unique in the 17th century is their excel in artistic developments. While they used techniques such as oil on canvas, shading and geometry used for dimension, backgrounds and realism created in throughout the Renaissance, they tied in their own personal touch to it. Three popular themes as observed in the art below are landscapes, flowers, and portraits or people as the main object. Some works of art intertwined these themes, such as Flora, by Rembrandt Van Rijn, where there is a young woman holding flowers in her hand and on her head. Others included economic values with family values, seen in Nicholas Mae's The Lacemaker. Art during the Dutch Golden Age showed the importance of their goods production while maintaining their culture (particularly an appreciation for flowers or tulips), Christian values, and embracing their humanity.
Hercules Segers' "Landscape" captures his mental image of the Netherlands from the 1630s. This rough etching depicts mountains of the Netherlands and their vast landscape.
Aelbert Cuyp's "Landscape with Trees" shows the countryside of theNetherlands between 1640 and 1690. The painting was found in his mother's hometown of Utrecht, south of Amsterdam. It stands with the object of landscape also shown in Example #1, a popular theme of the 17th century.
"Curiosity,"by Gerard ter Borch, shows three women encompassing a desk contemplating something in the 1660s. During the 1600s, Europeans began a new era of curiosity and new beliefs, including the developments of intellectual salons, newspaper and book publishings, public theaters, and exchanges of correspondence.
"Flora," illustrated byRembrandt Van Rijn, shows a young woman with flowers, two of the main themes of Dutch art in the 17th century (people and flowers). The painting's location is the Netherlands where he resided, seeing the object of the painting originated from his wife, Saskia, who also lived in the Netherlands.
ln Nicholas Mae's "The Lacemaker," he shows a woman and her child in their home while she is at work using lace material. This is an import component of the art because lace was a huge part of Europe's economy in exports. This oil painting was completed in the Netherlands, 1657.
Gerrit Dou paints with oil the image of a school with students and their teacher around the 1660s in "An Evening School." The idea of having them in an educational environment ties in with the topics of study for them, such as science, etc WORK ON
Rembrandt Van Rijn,Christ Crucified between the Two Thieves: The Three Crosses
Rembrandy Van Rijn shows Christ being crucified in his artwork, "The Three Crosses," made between 1620 and 1670. It depicts the Catholic faith that was the predominant religion within the Dutch Empire throughout the 17th century.
One of the most notable pieces of literature reigning from the Dutch Golden age would be the drama titled, "Gijsbrecht van Aemstel," more commonly known as The Gijsbrecht, composed by Joost Van Der Vondel in 1637. Every year on New Year's Day, ending only in the 1960s.
Religion
The Netherlands has been titles as “the most tolerant country in Europe at that time.” During this time of Enlightenment, Europe began to decrease their tolls of religious persecution and opened their minds to other practices and cultures. The Netherlands at the time were predominantly Catholic, Jews coming in second, and several other minorities residing there with unison. Spain attempted to subdue the Dutch with their newly acclaimed power within the region, but ultimately failed allowing the Dutch to maintain their position.
Architecture
Made of white stone in July of 1655, Amsterdam's Royal Palace stood as a city hall for over one hundred years. To construct the interior, officials brought in famous artists such as Rembrandt Van Rijn to paint murals. Still standing today, the Royal Palace marks a time of flourishing artistic innovations.
Observations about what we have learned.
The Dutch Golden Age, or 17th century Netherlands, proved itself to be a time of artistic breakthrough, reclaiming independence from Spain, and developing their own economy including the merchant class. Their artistic styles can be rooted back to the time of the Renaissance, like the use of oil on canvas and wood, or the use of shading and geometry to create dimension. They formed trading networks and political ties in the New World with the establishment of New Amsterdam (present day New York, including some areas of Connecticut).
The Netherlands
The Dutch Golden AgeLily Coleman
The Netherlands (Dutch Empire), 1700
Yellow indicates Spanish Rule
Pink indicates Dutch Empire
http://www.emersonkent.com/map_archive/netherlands_1700.htm
Economic Backdrop
The Dutch Golden Age was a time where the merchant class rose their standards in economic class thanks to the expansion from only port cities thriving to the country. Europe, primarily in the Northwestern region, developed new uses in production, particularly food. In aid of this breakthrough came improved cultivation practices, larger livestock herds, water drainage, and larger fields. Key commodities were wheat, clover, barley, and turnips which they traded mostly with Asia and the New World Americas. INDUSTRIES
Watch the video titled "Golden Age- Rise of Merchant Class," to understand more about the economy of the Netherlands during the 17th century.
Political Backdrop
While central Europe was experiencing a new era of Enlightenment*, the Netherlands were completing their claim of independence in their territory from the Spanish (under rule of Phillip II). This was titled the Eighty Years' War, which lasted from 1568 to 1648, resulting in the the United Netherlands, or the Dutch Republic. Included in the Eighty Years' War, there was another, smaller dispute beginning in 1618 which incorporated disputes over territory, power, and trade called the Thirty Years' War.
*Enlightenment: According to the test book, the spreading of faith in reason and in universal rights and laws. Includes broader developments of literacy and critical thinking while decreasing religious persecution. Motive was to change worldviews and transform societal and political norms. (PAGE #)
Thirty Year's War: According to the text book, the Thirty Years' War was between Protestant princes and the Catholic Empire for religious predominance in central Europe; a struggle for regional control among Catholic powers; and a bid for independence from Spain by the Dutch, who wanted to trade and worship as they liked. (PAGE #)**
Significant (successful) leaders
Discussion of key political policies or administrative structures
Timeline
Timetoast allows you to create a timeline and then embed it.You have to set up an account. For your timeline you might want to select three or four key political or economic dates and three or four major dates that illustrate cultural, religious or architectural trends. The objective is to give the reader a quick visual snap-shot of the reading.
Social Backdrop
Social hierarchies, gender roles, urban life, rural life, population statistics, conceptions of childhood, citizenship, etc.
Information can also be drawn from your research. You will need to select the aspects you think are most important and omit the ones you think are less relevant. In the past, folks have made charts. (You can make the diagram in Google Drive and embed it if you would like to.)
Education
Europe circulated around the idea of "Dutch learning," which was based off of the teaching of science, geography, and medicine. These forms of education were freely dispersed amongst other empires including Japan, where it became, though limited, apart of their society and their educational system. Translations of Dutch or English were of increasing demand because of their benefits in trading systems amongst the empires. (p. 541)
Artistic Innovation
What makes the Dutch Empire so unique in the 17th century is their excel in artistic developments. While they used techniques such as oil on canvas, shading and geometry used for dimension, backgrounds and realism created in throughout the Renaissance, they tied in their own personal touch to it. Three popular themes as observed in the art below are landscapes, flowers, and portraits or people as the main object. Some works of art intertwined these themes, such as Flora, by Rembrandt Van Rijn, where there is a young woman holding flowers in her hand and on her head. Others included economic values with family values, seen in Nicholas Mae's The Lacemaker. Art during the Dutch Golden Age showed the importance of their goods production while maintaining their culture (particularly an appreciation for flowers or tulips), Christian values, and embracing their humanity.
Example #1
http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/pd/h/hercules_segers,_landscape.aspx
Hercules Segers, Landscape
Hercules Segers' "Landscape" captures his mental image of the Netherlands from the 1630s. This rough etching depicts mountains of the Netherlands and their vast landscape.
Example #2
https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/07.282.14
Aelbert Cuyp, Landscape with Trees
Aelbert Cuyp's "Landscape with Trees" shows the countryside of the Netherlands between 1640 and 1690. The painting was found in his mother's hometown of Utrecht, south of Amsterdam. It stands with the object of landscape also shown in Example #1, a popular theme of the 17th century.
Example #3
https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/49.7.38
Gerard ter Borch, Curiosity
"Curiosity," by Gerard ter Borch, shows three women encompassing a desk contemplating something in the 1660s. During the 1600s, Europeans began a new era of curiosity and new beliefs, including the developments of intellectual salons, newspaper and book publishings, public theaters, and exchanges of correspondence.
Example #4
https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/26.101.10
Rembrandt Van Rijn, Flora
"Flora," illustrated by Rembrandt Van Rijn, shows a young woman with flowers, two of the main themes of Dutch art in the 17th century (people and flowers). The painting's location is the Netherlands where he resided, seeing the object of the painting originated from his wife, Saskia, who also lived in the Netherlands.
Example #5
https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/32.100.5
Nicholas Maes, The Lacemaker
ln Nicholas Mae's "The Lacemaker," he shows a woman and her child in their home while she is at work using lace material. This is an import component of the art because lace was a huge part of Europe's economy in exports. This oil painting was completed in the Netherlands, 1657.
Example #6
http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/40.64
Gerrit Dou, An Evening School
Gerrit Dou paints with oil the image of a school with students and their teacher around the 1660s in "An Evening School." The idea of having them in an educational environment ties in with the topics of study for them, such as science, etc WORK ON
Example #7
http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/41.1.31
Rembrandt Van Rijn, Christ Crucified between the Two Thieves: The Three CrossesRembrandy Van Rijn shows Christ being crucified in his artwork, "The Three Crosses," made between 1620 and 1670. It depicts the Catholic faith that was the predominant religion within the Dutch Empire throughout the 17th century.
Classic literary texts
http://shop.allyearround.nl/amsterdam-antiquariaat/74066149-gijsbreght-van-aemstel-joost-van-den-vondel.html
One of the most notable pieces of literature reigning from the Dutch Golden age would be the drama titled, "Gijsbrecht van Aemstel," more commonly known as The Gijsbrecht, composed by Joost Van Der Vondel in 1637. Every year on New Year's Day, ending only in the 1960s.
Religion
The Netherlands has been titles as “the most tolerant country in Europe at that time.” During this time of Enlightenment, Europe began to decrease their tolls of religious persecution and opened their minds to other practices and cultures. The Netherlands at the time were predominantly Catholic, Jews coming in second, and several other minorities residing there with unison. Spain attempted to subdue the Dutch with their newly acclaimed power within the region, but ultimately failed allowing the Dutch to maintain their position.
Architecture
Made of white stone in July of 1655, Amsterdam's Royal Palace stood as a city hall for over one hundred years. To construct the interior, officials brought in famous artists such as Rembrandt Van Rijn to paint murals. Still standing today, the Royal Palace marks a time of flourishing artistic innovations.
Observations about what we have learned.
The Dutch Golden Age, or 17th century Netherlands, proved itself to be a time of artistic breakthrough, reclaiming independence from Spain, and developing their own economy including the merchant class. Their artistic styles can be rooted back to the time of the Renaissance, like the use of oil on canvas and wood, or the use of shading and geometry to create dimension. They formed trading networks and political ties in the New World with the establishment of New Amsterdam (present day New York, including some areas of Connecticut).
Bibliography
1) "History of the Royal Palace, Amsterdam | Amsterdam.info." Amsterdam.info. Accessed November 05, 2015.
http://www.amsterdam.info/sights/royal_palace/history/.
2) "Bo." Glossary of Terms:. Accessed November 05, 2015. https://www.marxists.org/glossary/terms/b/o.htm#bourgeois-society. 3) "Dutch Culture in the Golden Age." Dutch Culture in the Golden Age. Accessed November 05, 2015. http://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/review/1124. 4) "The Dutch Economy in the Golden Age (16th – 17th Centuries)." EHnet. Accessed November 05, 2015. https://eh.net/encyclopedia/the-dutch-economy-in-the-golden-age-16th-17th-centuries/. 5) "Dutch Empire." - New World Encyclopedia. Accessed November 05, 2015. http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Dutch_Empire. 6) "Dutch Revolt." World History in Context. http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/whic/ReferenceDetailsPage/DocumentToolsPortletWindow?displayGroupName=Reference&jsid=d4d4dd5905639efc4398b55f5d47eac9&action=2&catId=&documentId=GALE%7CCX3404900325&u=catholiccenhs&zid=dde7aef087ab8337e1e415b94797aa6b. 7) "Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History." Low Countries, 1600–1800 A.D. Accessed November 05, 2015. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/?period=09®ion=euwl#/Key-Events. 8) "History." MA Dutch Golden Age. Accessed November 05, 2015. https://www.ucl.ac.uk/history/postgraduatestudy/taughtmasters/ma_dutch_golden_age. 9) "History." MA Dutch Golden Age. Accessed November 05, 2015. https://www.ucl.ac.uk/history/postgraduatestudy/taughtmasters/ma_dutch_golden_age. 10) http://encyclopedia.kids.net.au/page/du/Dutch_Golden_Age. 11) Tignor, Robert, Jeremy Adelman, Stephen Aron, Stephen Kotkin, Suzanne Marchand, Gyan Prakash, and Michael Tsin. Worlds Together, Worlds Apart . from 1000 CE to the Present. New York: W.W. Norton, 2011.